| 赵晓明,刘宝成.透气式防毒服的发展现状及最新研究进展[J].材料导报,2018,32(17):3083-3089, 3098 |
| 透气式防毒服的发展现状及最新研究进展 |
| Permeable Protective Suit:Status Quo and Latest Research Progress |
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| DOI：10.11896/j.issn.1005-023X.2018.17.022 |
| 中文关键词: 生化防护 活性炭吸附材料 透气式防毒服 新材料 |
| 英文关键词: biochemical protection, activated carbon adsorption material, permeable protective suit, new material |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金(51206122)；2017年度天津工业大学天津市高等学校基本科研业务资助项目(TJPU2K20170105) |
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| 摘要点击次数: 1908 |
| 全文下载次数: 811 |
| 中文摘要: |
| 近年来恐怖袭击和危险化学品泄漏等突发事件时有发生,个人防护装备的市场需求呈持续增长态势。透气式防毒服是一类可透过空气和湿气,但能阻止外界有毒气体、雾滴状毒剂、细菌和放射性尘埃对人体造成伤害的军民使用的皮肤防护装备。经过近一个世纪的发展,各国已有相对成熟的透气式防毒服问世,其大多采用活性炭吸附材料制成。这种活性炭吸附型材料的防护性能虽好,但也存在无选择吸附、对大的毒剂液滴防护性能差、易产生二次污染等问题。 随着新材料、新技术的不断开发和完善,透气式防毒服材料将不再局限于现有的活性炭吸附技术,而是使用新材料、新技术,并且向高性能、多功能、轻量化和舒适化的方向发展。选择性透过材料允许水蒸气等小分子透过,而较大的毒剂分子不能透过,防护性能好,能够防御分子较大的液态、气态、气溶胶及固体等状态的有害物质,具有较好的透湿性能和穿着舒适性,是透气式防毒服较理想的材料。微胶囊自修复技术有助于对致命的化学毒剂、细菌和病毒建立良好的物理屏障,从而为相关人员提供及时、不间断的防护。静电纺纳米纤维具有非常小的孔径和极大的比表面积,静电纺纳米纤维膜具有对气溶胶过滤效率高、透气性好、面密度低和压力损失小等优点,将其应用到防护织物上,更有利于提高个人防护装备的性能。碳纳米管具有独特的本征空腔结构、单分散的纳米孔道和输送性能,能够有效促进气体或液体分子的传递,为未来真正做出超轻、超透气且薄如蝉翼的防护服带来了希望。金属-有机框架材料具有规整的孔径分布、开阔的骨架结构、巨大的比表面积和超高的吸附容量。将其应用到生化防护领域,将明显改进防护服的防护效果,降低危险生化物质给人体带来的损伤。自净化材料可快速抑制或杀死广谱生物,快速净化有毒试剂,该材料制备的防护服长期使用后仍能保持舒适和透气性。 本文概述了各国透气式防毒服的发展现状,总结了我国透气式防毒服的发展历程,介绍了新材料、新技术在透气式防毒服领域的最新研究进展,为我国个体防护装备的设计与研发提供了建设性的参考。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| In recent years, terrorist attacks and dangerous chemical leaks have frequently occurred, bringing a constantly growing market demand for personal protective equipment. Permeable protective suit is a kind of skin protective equipment with air and moisture permeability which can prevent human body from the injuring of toxic gases, droplet like agents, bacteria and radioactive dust. The research and development of permeable protective suits over the world have underwent nearly a century, and relatively mature products have been obtained which mainly made from activated carbon adsorption materials. Although activated carbon adsorption material has favorable protective properties, there are also problems like non-selective adsorption, poor protection perfor-mance of large toxic liquid droplets and secondary pollution. With the emerging of new materials and new technologies, permeable protective suit materials will no longer only rely on the existing activated carbon adsorption technology. New materials and new technologies will accelerate the advances of permeable protective suits in pursuit of high performance, multi-function, light weight and comfort. Selectively permeable material allows small molecules like water vapor to pass through, while blocks larger toxicant molecules, which possesses good protective properties and can resist harmful substances such as liquid, gas, aerosol and solid with large molecular weight. Besides, selectively permeable material exhibits excellent moisture permeability and wearing comfort which make it to be the ideal choice for permeable protective suit. Microcapsule self-healing techniques help establish a good physical barrier to deadly chemical agents, bacteria and viruses, providing people with timely, uninterrupted protection. The electrospun nanofiber membranes feature high aerosol filtration efficiency, good air permeability, low surface density and low pressure loss, thanks to the tiny pore size and huge surface area of electrospun nanofibers. It will greatly improve the performance of personal protective equipment when electrospun nanofiber membranes are applied to protective fabric. Carbon nanotubes can effectively accelerate the transfer of gas or liquid molecules because of their unique intrinsic cavity structure, monodispersed nano-channels and transport properties, which bring hope for the fabrication of ultra-light and super-breathable protective clothing as thin as a cicada’s wings in the future. Metal-organic frame materials present regular pore size distribution, open skeleton structure, huge specific surface area and super high adsorption capacity. The application of metal organic frameworks in the field of biochemical protection will significantly improve the protective effect of protective clothing and reduce the damage caused by dangerous biochemical substances. Self-purification materials can quickly inhibit or kill a broad spectrum of orga-nisms, rapid purification of toxic reagents, protective clothing made from self purification materials can remain comfortable and breathable after long term service. This article outlines the current situation of the permeable protective suit in different countries, summarizes the development history of the gas protective clothing, introduces the latest research progress of new materials and technologies in the field of the permeable protective suit,which will provide reference for the design and development of personal protective equipment. |
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